Endangered Animals in Pakistan | Wildlife Conservation in Crisis

When Silence Falls Over the Wild: Pakistan’s Vanishing Species

Pakistan’s natural landscape is as diverse as it is awe-inspiring. Towering mountains in the north, expansive river plains, dense forests, and coastal wetlands collectively create a sanctuary for countless species. This richness in biodiversity once meant thriving ecosystems teeming with life, from snow leopards roaming Deosai to freshwater turtles gliding through the Indus River.

But today, a quiet crisis is unfolding.

Endangered animals in Pakistan are steadily disappearing. The very species that define our ecological identity are under threat—many of them hanging on by a thread. While Pakistan ranks among the world’s most ecologically varied countries, it also faces severe conservation challenges. Urban sprawl, unchecked poaching, pollution, and climate change are rapidly degrading habitats and pushing rare animals toward extinction.

The urgency to act has never been greater. This blog explores the stories of Pakistan’s most endangered animals, why they are disappearing, and how their survival—or loss—will shape the future of our environment.

Understanding Endangered Species: Classifications and Their Significance

The term “endangered species” refers to organisms that face a very high risk of extinction in the near future, either globally or within a specific region. This status is determined based on various factors, including rapid population decline, limited geographic range, and significant threats to their habitats.

IUCN Red List: Global Standard for Assessing Species Risk

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List of Threatened Species, which serves as a comprehensive inventory evaluating the global conservation status of plant and animal species. Species are assessed and categorized based on criteria such as population size, rate of decline, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

The primary categories within the IUCN Red List include:

• Critically Endangered (CR): Species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

• Endangered (EN): Species at a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

• Vulnerable (VU): Species at high risk of extinction in the wild.

These categories help prioritize conservation efforts and allocate resources effectively to protect the most at-risk species.

Pakistan’s Approach to Species Classification

In Pakistan, species are classified based on both international standards, like the IUCN Red List, and national assessments. The country has developed its own National Red List to evaluate the conservation status of species within its borders. This dual approach ensures that species unique to Pakistan or those facing region-specific threats receive appropriate attention and conservation measures.

The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity, the variety of life in all its forms, levels, and combinations, is crucial for the stability and resilience of ecosystems. Each species, no matter how small, plays a role in maintaining ecological balance. For instance, predators regulate prey populations, pollinators are essential for plant reproduction, and decomposers break down organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

The loss of biodiversity can lead to ecosystem degradation, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. In Pakistan, the decline of species like the Indus River dolphin or the snow leopard not only signifies ecological imbalance but also affects cultural heritage and potential economic opportunities through eco-tourism.

The Faces of Survival: Key Endangered Animals in Pakistan

Beneath the natural beauty of Pakistan’s landscapes lies a troubling truth—many of our most iconic animals are disappearing. The decline is not always loud or sudden; it’s often slow, silent, and invisible to most. But for each species at risk, we lose more than just an animal—we lose a piece of our identity, culture, and ecological balance. Here’s a closer look at the endangered animals in Pakistan that are facing this crisis.

Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) – Ghost of the Mountains

In the frosty silence of Pakistan’s northern ranges—the Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Himalayas—roams the snow leopard. It moves like a shadow, unseen by most, living where few humans dare to go. But even here, in the supposed safety of the highlands, its survival is under siege.

These big cats are top predators, vital for regulating mountain ecosystems. Their decline destabilizes the food chain, leading to overgrazing and soil erosion. In Pakistan, snow leopards are endangered due to:

• Poaching for their fur and bones, often trafficked across borders.

• Habitat loss due to expanding livestock grazing and road construction.

• Climate change, shrinking their range as temperatures rise and prey migrate.

Community conservation programs—supported by WWF-Pakistan—have shown promise. Villagers are now trained to use camera traps, report sightings, and prevent retaliatory killings after livestock loss. But with fewer than 300 individuals estimated in Pakistan, time is running out.

Himalayan Brown Bear – The Forgotten Giant of Deosai

A powerful and intelligent creature, the Himalayan brown bear is among the rarest bear species in the world. Once widespread across northern Pakistan, it now survives mostly in Deosai National Park, a high-altitude plateau known as the ‘Land of Giants’.

But its numbers are dangerously low—some estimates place the Pakistani population at under 50.

This bear faces relentless challenges:

• Shrinking habitat due to tourism infrastructure, mining, and livestock encroachment.

• Human-bear conflict, where bears are often killed for damaging crops or livestock.

• Genetic bottlenecks reduce resilience and long-term survival.

Despite being a protected species, enforcement is weak. Deosai offers a glimmer of hope, but only if visitors and locals alike understand the importance of coexisting with these giants.

[Insert internal link to Deosai blog]

Indus River Freshwater Turtles – The Overlooked Protectors of the River

Gliding through the ancient waters of the Indus, freshwater turtles have existed since the age of the dinosaurs. But modern threats are far more lethal than anything they’ve faced before.

According to Khurram Saeed’s research, turtles such as:

• Chitra indica (Narrow-headed softshell turtle)

• Nilssonia gangetica (Indian softshell turtle)

are in critical decline. Found across Sindh and southern Punjab, these turtles help maintain river health by consuming dead matter and balancing fish populations.

But their survival is under threat from:

• Chemical pollution from factories and agriculture,

• Dams and water diversion are disrupting breeding cycles,

• Illegal hunting and smuggling, especially for use in Chinese traditional medicine.

Despite their ecological importance, turtles receive little media or conservation attention. Most people don’t even know they exist—until they’re gone.

Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) – The Blind Sentinel of the Waters

This rare dolphin, often called the “blind dolphin,” is found only in Pakistan’s lower Indus River. With echolocation as its guide, it navigates murky waters in search of fish. But the river that sustained it for millennia is now its biggest threat.

Only around 1,800 individuals are believed to exist today, confined mostly between the Guddu and Sukkur barrages. Their decline stems from:

• Entanglement in fishing nets, which leads to accidental deaths,

• Polluted waters filled with untreated waste and pesticides,

• River fragmentation, where barrages block migratory paths and breeding.

The Indus dolphin is more than just a mammal—it’s a symbol of the river’s health. If the dolphin disappears, it means the Indus itself is dying.

Imperial Eagles, Vultures, and Houbara Bustards – Our Vanishing Skies

The skies above Pakistan were once rich with wingbeats—from majestic eagles to flocks of vultures circling overhead. Now, those skies are eerily quiet.

Imperial Eagle

Once common in southern Punjab and Balochistan, these eagles are now rarely seen. Victims of:

• Electrocution from exposed power lines,

• Poisoning from carcasses treated with harmful chemicals,

• Habitat loss due to agricultural expansion.

Houbara Bustard

A migratory bird treasured by falconers, the houbara bustard has become a target of international hunting expeditions. Despite legal protections, its population continues to decline due to:

• Seasonal hunts by elite guests, sometimes under special permits,

• Loss of desert habitat, especially in Balochistan and Sindh.

Vultures

Once nature’s most efficient clean-up crew, vultures have become rare across Pakistan. The main killer? Diclofenac, a veterinary drug that causes kidney failure in vultures feeding on treated livestock carcasses.

Losing these species means losing nature’s balance: unchecked carcasses, disease spread, and disrupted food webs.

Asian Elephant – A Rare Visitor at Risk

While Pakistan is not home to permanent elephant populations, small migratory herds sometimes cross from India into border zones. But fences, deforestation, and noise pollution have drastically reduced these routes.

Even these occasional appearances are now rare.

These elephants face:

• Conflict with villagers over crop damage,

• Disruption of ancient migration corridors by railways and highways,

• Isolation, which reduces breeding opportunities.

Their near disappearance from Pakistan’s landscape is a silent tragedy—a lost link in South Asia’s ecological heritage.

Insects and Wetland Biodiversity – The Collapse We Don’t See

Insects are the invisible workers of the natural world—pollinators, decomposers, food for countless birds and mammals. Yet, they are vanishing in vast numbers across Pakistan’s wetlands and farmlands.

Drawing from research in India’s Terai wetlands (which share ecological similarities with Pakistan’s Sindh and Punjab plains), we can project similar losses here due to:

• Overuse of pesticides in rice and cotton fields,

• Wetland drainage for urban development,

• Loss of aquatic vegetation, which shelters insect eggs and larvae.

When insects decline, everything collapses—crop yields drop, amphibians starve, and ecosystems fall apart.

Pakistan’s environmental narrative rarely includes these “smaller” species. But their absence will echo loudly in the years to come.

IV. Ecosystems Under Threat

• Wetlands (e.g., Indus River Basin, Mangroves in Sindh):

  • Essential for migratory birds, turtles, and amphibians

  • Under threat due to development, pollution, and water mismanagement

• Forest degradation and loss of grasslands

  • Impacting species like pangolins, wild cats, and brown bears

Sources Referenced:

• JAPS supplementary PDF (agriculture and biodiversity)

• PJBot paper (flora/fauna of wetland ecosystems)

Why They’re Disappearing: Core Threats to Wildlife in Pakistan

The extinction of a species is never the result of a single factor. It’s the outcome of multiple pressures, often man-made, eroding an animal’s chances of survival little by little, until nothing remains. In Pakistan, where ecosystems range from alpine forests to arid deserts and lush river basins, these pressures manifest in distinct but interconnected ways. Here’s a closer look at the core threats pushing endangered animals in Pakistan toward the edge.

1. Habitat Loss: The Vanishing Wilderness

Perhaps the most significant threat to Pakistan’s wildlife is habitat destruction. With expanding cities, agricultural sprawl, and infrastructure projects eating into natural spaces, the safe havens where animals once thrived are rapidly shrinking.

• Urbanization has turned fertile plains and riverbanks into housing colonies and industrial zones.

• Deforestation in the north and northeast is depleting native forests that support species like the snow leopard, Himalayan bear, and migratory birds.

• In areas like Deosai, Margalla Hills, and Sindh’s wetlands, human encroachment is displacing entire animal populations.

The loss of habitat doesn’t just mean losing land—it means losing food, shelter, breeding grounds, and migration routes. It forces animals into conflict with humans, where they rarely win.

2. Illegal Poaching and Wildlife Trade: A Silent Industry

From high-end falconry to black-market medicinal ingredients, Pakistan’s wildlife has become a target for lucrative illegal trade. This underground economy thrives on rare and endangered species, with little fear of consequence due to weak law enforcement.

• Snow leopards are hunted for their pelts and bones.

• Houbara bustards are trapped for illegal hunts.

• Freshwater turtles and pangolins are trafficked across borders for use in traditional medicine.

• Birds of prey are captured and sold to private collectors and hunters in the Gulf region.

Poaching isn’t just about poverty—it’s about profit. And as long as there’s international demand and limited monitoring, Pakistan’s unique fauna will continue to be stripped from the wild.

3. Water Pollution: A Slow Poison

Waterways are lifelines for countless species, especially in the Indus River ecosystem, home to the endangered Indus River dolphin, turtles, fish, and countless migratory birds. But these waters are no longer safe.

• Industrial discharge, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff have turned many parts of the river into toxic zones.

• Pollutants damage aquatic life directly or indirectly by killing off their food sources and disrupting breeding grounds.

• Plastic waste, heavy metals, and chemical residues accumulate in fish, which then poison turtles, dolphins, and even humans higher up the food chain.

The absence of strict environmental regulations for factories and cities discharging waste into rivers is turning vital ecosystems into death traps.

4. Weak Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Laws

Pakistan has signed several international agreements, like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity, and has national wildlife protection laws. But on the ground, implementation is sporadic at best.

• Many species listed as “protected” are still openly hunted or traded.

• Forest departments and wildlife authorities are often underfunded, understaffed, or overwhelmed.

• Political influence and corruption mean that violators, especially wealthy or foreign individuals, rarely face consequences.

Even where sanctuaries and national parks exist, they often lack active monitoring, making them protected in name only.

Without real enforcement, laws are little more than paper shields.

5. Climate Change: Disrupting the Fragile Balance

Climate change is not a future threat—it’s already transforming Pakistan’s natural systems today. Rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events are destabilizing habitats across the country.

• Glacial melt threatens river systems that sustain both human and animal life.

• Changing snow lines are forcing species like the snow leopard and brown bear to move higher, shrinking their viable habitat.

• Wetlands are drying up or becoming saline, affecting amphibians, insects, and migratory birds.

• Erratic weather impacts plant cycles, reducing food availability for herbivores, which in turn affects predators.

Climate change doesn’t just affect one species—it disrupts the entire food web. In ecosystems already weakened by human pressure, it could be the final blow.

Together, these threats form a perfect storm. And unless immediate, sustained action is taken, Pakistan stands to lose not just individual species, but entire ecosystems, cultures, and future opportunities for eco-tourism, education, and natural heritage.

Conservation in Action: What’s Being Done

Despite the grim statistics, Pakistan is not without hope. Over the years, several organizations, government departments, researchers, and local communities have begun pushing back against the tide of extinction. While the efforts are fragmented and under-resourced in many areas, they show that conservation is possible—and already saving species from vanishing forever.

1. WWF-Pakistan: A Pillar in Wildlife Protection

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-Pakistan) has been one of the most consistent players in national conservation. Working across various landscapes—from mountain ecosystems to riverine habitats—WWF’s initiatives have played a major role in:

• Protecting endangered species such as the Indus River dolphin, snow leopard, and marine turtles.

• Creating community-based conservation models, where locals are trained and paid to monitor wildlife and report poaching.

• Raising awareness through schools, social campaigns, and corporate partnerships.

• Rehabilitating wetlands and promoting eco-tourism, especially in biologically rich areas like Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh.

WWF’s conservation model is built on both data and empathy, bridging the gap between global conservation goals and local realities.

2. Government Involvement: Ministry of Climate Change and Provincial Wildlife Departments

The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) and its affiliated bodies have introduced several policies and frameworks aimed at improving conservation, including:

• Pakistan’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) outlines protection goals for threatened species.

• Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, including Deosai, Hingol, Khunjerab, and Lal Suhanra.

• Coordination with international conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).

Provincial departments also play a crucial role, although effectiveness varies. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan, there has been significant progress in snow leopard protection and trophy hunting regulation, where revenue from foreign hunters is redirected to conservation funds.

Still, the lack of trained staff, poor enforcement, and low funding remain major bottlenecks at all levels of governance.

3. Research and Academia: Filling the Knowledge Gaps

In recent years, Pakistani researchers and universities have stepped up to generate critical data on species distribution, threats, and conservation strategies. Studies like:

• Khurram Saeed’s work on freshwater turtles in the Indus basin,

• JRSR Journal’s exploration of species prioritization models, and

• Collaborative research projects mapping out biodiversity hotspots,

…are not just academic—they provide actionable insights for government and NGOs. Without solid research, conservation is guesswork. With it, interventions can be precise, scalable, and impactful.

Moreover, citizen science—where locals and students are trained to gather data—is being piloted in regions like Swat, Chitral, and Skardu. These initiatives empower people while strengthening national databases on wildlife.

4. Tech for Conservation: The Rise of IoT and AI

A powerful development in wildlife protection is the introduction of technology, particularly through insights from the IEEE paper on smart conservation.

• Camera traps and motion sensors are now being used to monitor snow leopards and Himalayan bears in hard-to-access terrain.

• AI-based image recognition helps automatically identify animals from thousands of hours of footage.

• Drone surveillance is being tested for large-area monitoring in places like Hingol National Park.

• IoT-enabled river sensors can track pollution and fish migration patterns in real time, helping protect river dolphins and turtles.

These innovations reduce the need for constant human presence in sensitive areas, enhance data accuracy, and alert authorities in real time when illegal activity is detected.

Still, for such tools to be truly effective in Pakistan, infrastructure, funding, and trained human resources must be in place.

5. Community-Led Conservation and Eco-Tourism

Perhaps the most promising—and sustainable—conservation success stories in Pakistan are those led by local communities.

• In Gilgit-Baltistan, villagers involved in community conservancies help monitor snow leopard movements, report poaching, and protect livestock using predator-proof corrals.

• In Sindh, fisherfolk cooperatives are working with NGOs to reduce dolphin deaths caused by nets.

• Controlled trophy hunting programs in Chitral and Hunza allow limited hunting of selected game animals, with 80% of the fees going back to the community for education, healthcare, and conservation.

These examples show that when conservation efforts benefit local livelihoods, people become powerful allies instead of accidental threats.

Similarly, eco-tourism has begun to play a role in funding conservation. Guided wildlife treks, birdwatching tours, and nature camps create both awareness and income for remote regions—if managed responsibly.

While there is still a long road ahead, these initiatives prove that change is possible when government, technology, science, and local voices come together. The survival of endangered animals in Pakistan depends not on one solution, but on a collective shift in how we value life, nature, and the generations that will inherit this land.

Also See: Protected Species of Pakistan

What Needs to Change: From Crisis to Commitment

Despite ongoing conservation efforts, the truth is clear—they’re not enough. Species are still vanishing. Ecosystems are collapsing silently. And the pace of extinction is outstripping the pace of protection. If we want to preserve the remaining endangered animals in Pakistan, a bold shift is needed—from fragmented interventions to coordinated, long-term action. Here’s what must change.

1. Build and Enforce Stronger Policy Frameworks

Laws protecting wildlife in Pakistan exist, but most lack teeth. The implementation gap is wide, often due to poor coordination between provinces, outdated laws, or selective enforcement. What’s needed:

• A centralized biodiversity authority to streamline efforts across provinces.

• Modernization of the Wildlife Act, aligning it with IUCN standards, and making punishments for poaching non-bailable.

• Clear guidelines and penalties on land-use changes in sensitive areas.

• Mandatory wildlife impact assessments for all infrastructure projects, especially dams, roads, and urban expansion near protected zones.

Without legal reform and visible accountability, conservation will remain an afterthought.

2. Make Conservation a Public Conversation

For too long, wildlife issues in Pakistan have remained confined to NGOs, academic circles, or rural communities directly impacted. But wildlife loss affects everyone, whether it’s in food security, climate resilience, or economic tourism opportunities.

We need:

• Mass public awareness campaigns, particularly in schools, universities, and the media.

• Storytelling content—films, reels, animations—showing real-life conservation stories from Pakistan.

• National awareness events are tied to World Wildlife Day, Earth Day, and local festivals that celebrate nature.

When people care, they protect. Awareness is the seed of advocacy.

3. Invest in Research, Data, and Monitoring

You can’t protect what you don’t understand. Many endangered species in Pakistan suffer from one core issue: we don’t even know how many are left, where they live, or how fast they’re disappearing.

Investment is urgently needed in:

• Wildlife population surveys using camera traps, drones, and citizen science.

• GIS-based mapping of habitats and migration routes.

• Collaborative funding for academic research, including thesis grants for university students working on conservation topics.

• National biodiversity databases with open access for policymakers and researchers.

Without robust data, our decisions will always be reactive and speculative.

4. Restore What’s Broken: Wetlands, Rivers, and Forests

Conservation cannot succeed in isolation. If the Indus River is dying, the dolphin cannot be saved. If Deosai is overrun by hotels, the Himalayan brown bear will vanish. If mangroves disappear, so will thousands of fish and bird species.

We must:

• Launch a Wetland Revival Plan in coordination with the Ramsar Convention and provincial governments.

• Develop river restoration programs, especially in pollution-heavy zones like industrial Sindh and Punjab.

• Protect and expand urban green zones, reconnecting fragmented forest habitats.

Rewilding and habitat restoration are not luxuries—they are lifelines for survival.

5. Empower and Integrate Local Communities

Conservation works best when it’s local. Villagers in Chitral who protect snow leopards, fishers in Sukkur who save dolphins, and farmers in Thar who plant native species—they are Pakistan’s unsung heroes of biodiversity.

To support them, we need:

• Profit-sharing models from eco-tourism and controlled trophy hunting.

• Subsidies or incentives for communities that manage protected lands.

• Training programs for sustainable grazing, agriculture, and non-extractive livelihoods.

• A national framework to recognize and register community conservancies as formal custodians of biodiversity.

Local people are not threats to conservation—they are the key to making it work long-term.

The window for action is closing. What happens next will determine whether future generations in Pakistan will know the call of the Imperial eagle, the splash of the blind dolphin, or the majesty of the snow leopard.

The time to change isn’t tomorrow—it’s now.

How You Can Help: Be a Voice for the Wild

Conservation is no longer the job of just scientists or policymakers. In a world where extinction is accelerating, every voice, every share, every action matters. While the challenges facing endangered animals in Pakistan are vast, change begins with small, intentional steps—steps you can take today.

1. Support Conservation Organizations Doing the Groundwork

Organizations like WWF-Pakistan, Snow Leopard Foundation, Indus Dolphin Conservation Project, and various local NGOs are on the front lines of protecting endangered species. Your support—financial, volunteer-based, or simply amplifying their work—can go a long way.

• Donate when possible.

• Attend conservation events or webinars.

• Volunteer your time or skills—many NGOs welcome help in graphic design, content, or admin tasks.

2. Refuse to Fuel the Wildlife Trade

Wildlife trafficking thrives on silence and ignorance. Whether it’s a turtle shell accessory, falcon trade, or exotic animal kept as a pet, every purchase puts another species at risk.

• Never buy products made from wildlife—dead or alive.

• Report any suspicious wildlife sale to the Wildlife Crime Control departments.

• Educate others about the impact of their choices, especially during travel or tourism.

3. Use Your Digital Voice to Raise Awareness

You don’t need a massive platform to make an impact. One well-timed post, story, or share can educate dozens—or even hundreds—about endangered animals in Pakistan.

• Share this blog.

• Follow and engage with wildlife pages on social media.

• Use your platform to tell stories: of the snow leopard, the dolphin, the bear, and why they matter.

Social media can destroy attention spans—but it can also build movements.

4. Advocate for Eco-Friendly Policies and Tourism

Speak up for sustainable practices in your city, university, or organization. Advocate for:

• Eco-tourism guidelines that benefit local communities and protect wildlife.

• Plastic bans, forest protection, and clean water laws.

• Stronger environmental education in school curricula.

The more we normalize talking about conservation, the faster it becomes a national priority.

Your Voice is Part of the Solution

You don’t need to be a biologist to care. You don’t need to live near a forest to take action. Every single one of us shares this land and its heritage. When species go extinct, we lose not just animals—we lose culture, resilience, and balance.

Start where you are. Speak up. Support those who are fighting. And remember—protecting wildlife is not a charity. It’s a responsibility.

A Shared Responsibility, A Shared Future

The story of Pakistan’s wildlife is at a turning point. From the ghostly silence of the snow leopard’s mountain to the fading splash of the Indus River dolphin, signs of ecological distress are all around us. The decline of these species is not just a loss of animals—it is the unraveling of entire ecosystems, cultural heritage, and our country’s natural legacy.

The urgency to act cannot be overstated.

Endangered animals in Pakistan are more than scientific concerns; they are indicators of how well we’re living in balance with the planet. Their survival is deeply tied to our own—from clean air and water to climate stability and food security.

While government policies and institutional reforms are essential, conservation cannot succeed in silos. It demands a collective effort—from lawmakers and landowners to teachers, travelers, farmers, students, and storytellers. Whether advocating for forest protection, refusing to support illegal wildlife trade, or simply sharing awareness, you have a role to play.

Because the truth is simple: when we protect wildlife, we protect ourselves.

Let’s not wait for silence to be the only thing left in the wild.

X. Resources / Citations

Below are the primary sources and research materials referenced throughout this blog. These documents and platforms offer deeper insights into conservation efforts, species data, and ecosystem threats specific to Pakistan:

Academic & Research Publications

1. IEEE Xplore:

   • Ghafoor, A. et al. (2022). Wildlife Monitoring Using Smart Sensors and AI: A Review.
     Link to abstract

2. JAPS Supplementary PDF:

   • Ahmad, S. et al. (2011). Conservation and Sustainability in the South Asian Region: Focus on Species Loss. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, Vol. 21(Suppl. 2).
     View PDF

3. Pakistan Journal of Botany (PJBot):

   • Ahmad, K. et al. (2012). Wetland Ecosystems and Plant Biodiversity in Pakistan.
     Read the study

4. ResearchGate – Freshwater Turtles Study:

   • Saeed, K. et al. (2015). Status and Distribution of Threatened Species of Freshwater Turtles in the Indus River System.
     Access article

5. ResearchGate – Wetlands Biodiversity (Contextual Reference):

   • Venkatesan, T. et al. (2018). Insect Community Associated with Wetland Ecosystems of the Terai Region (India).
     Access full PDF

6. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research (JRSR):

   • Khan, M. & Khattak, M. (2015). Species Prioritization and Ecological Evaluation in Pakistan.
     View abstract

Conservation & Data Platforms

7. WWF-Pakistan:
   Conservation projects, species protection, and eco-tourism initiatives.
   Visit website

8. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:
   Global data on species status and conservation categories.

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